The Impact of Digital Transformation, Renewable Energy, and Sustainable Tourism on Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis Across Global Regions

Abstract

This study examines the interplay between foreign direct investment (FDI), digital transformation, renewable energy consumption and sustainable tourism in shaping economic growth and environmental sustainability. The objective is to analyze how these factors influence regional development and to identify key differences and policy implications. Using a quantitative approach, data from the World Bank database statistics were analyzed using Jamovi software to perform correlation, regression and moderation analysis. The results show that FDI has a positive impact on GDP growth, although its impact varies regionally. Digital transformation, characterized by Internet usage and mobile phone subscriptions, shows a complex relationship with economic growth, sometimes with unexpected negative results in certain regions. Renewable energy consumption significantly reduces CO2 emissions, supporting global decarbonization efforts, while the impact of tourism on emissions is nuanced. The study highlights significant regional disparities, with developed regions having advanced digital infrastructure compared to developing regions. The implications underscore the need for targeted policies to improve digital connectivity, support the transition to renewable energy, and promote sustainable tourism. Recommendations include investing in digital infrastructure, facilitating renewable energy projects, developing sustainable tourism policies, and improving the investment climate. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and sector specific analysis to better understand regional differences and emerging trends. This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to bridge regional gaps and promote sustainable development.